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While WebAssembly is designed to run on the Web, it is also desirable for it to be able to execute well in other environments, including everything from minimal shells for testing to full-blown application environments e.g. on servers in datacenters, on IoT devices, or mobile/desktop apps. It may even be desirable to execute WebAssembly embedded within larger programs.

Non-Web environments may provide different APIs than Web environments.

Non-Web environments include JavaScript VMs (e.g. node.js), however WebAssembly is also capable of being executed without a JavaScript VM present. The table in the features page of the website lists several such implementations.

WASI is a set of standards-track APIs being developed by the WASI Subgroup intended for use in many environments, including in non-browser and non-JS engines.

The WebAssembly spec itself will not try to define any large portable libc-like library. However, certain features that are core to WebAssembly semantics that are similar to functions found in native libc would be part of the core WebAssembly spec as primitive operators (e.g., the memory.grow operator, which is similar to the sbrk function on many systems, and in the future, perhaps operators supporting dlopen functionality).

Where there is overlap between the Web and popular non-Web environments, shared specs could be proposed, but these would be separate from the WebAssembly spec. A symmetric example in JavaScript would be the in-progress Loader spec, which is proposed for both Web and node.js environments and is distinct from the JavaScript spec.

However, for most cases it is expected that, to achieve portability at the source code level, communities would build libraries that mapped from a source-level interface such as POSIX or SDL to the host environment’s builtin capabilities, either at build time or runtime, possibly making use of feature testing, dynamic linking, static linking, or polyfilling.

In general, by preserving spec layering, and the core WebAssembly spec independent of the host environment and linking specs, WebAssembly can be used as a portable binary format on many platforms, in many environments, for many use cases, bringing great benefits in portability, tooling and language-agnosticity.